Readings for Diversity and Social Justice 2nd Edition Online

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Social Policy and the Welfare State

Submitted: October 30th, 2018 Reviewed: Nov 2nd, 2018 Published: November 28th, 2018

DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.82372

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Abstract

The developments and changes in the social life accept led to change in the social needs. Therefore, problems and their solutions also modify. The industrial revolution which realized in the eighteenth century had some of import impacts non simply on the economical life but also on social structure. It was aimed to solve social problems and ensure prosperity through social policies, which is a multidisciplinary field, and consequently, the concept of welfare country emerged. The states, which had liberal concerns and traditional protection functions and reached a powerful position with their internationalist approaches, underwent a transformation period because of the economic and social developments which took place in the terminal quarter of the twentieth century. It has been subject of criticism that states increased the social expenses to satisfy the social needs and therefore caused an economical crisis in this period when the effects of globalization were discussed. In this report, the change and transformation process in the welfare states and their social policies at the global scale will be handled conceptually and from the historical development perspective. Making determinations about the past and nowadays, besides as having assumptions for future, this study aims to contribute to literature.

Keywords

• social policy
• welfare state
• globalization
• welfare
• social welfare

• Esra Dundar Aravacik*

  • Faculty of Economic science and Administrative Sciences, Healthcare Institutions Management Department, Health Constabulary, Izmir Katip Celebi University, Turkey

*Accost all correspondence to: esra.dundar@ikc.edu.tr

1. Introduction

Social policy is an inclusive disciplinary, which means to provide solutions to address needs of social life. Social issues change based on economic and environmental factors. These changes as well differ based on social structure and country policies.

The historical background of social policies is in parallel with important events in the human history. An important cornerstone in the globe history, industrial revolution, is an economical revolution on one side, but it increased the social problems on the other side. From industrial perspective, societies tin can be regarded every bit preindustrial society, industrial society, and postindustrial society. It is also possible to say that social policies that provided solutions to social problems also inverse based on the weather of the period.

It is seen that traditional methods were used to satisfy social needs, and the groups in need of protection were tried to exist protected through social aid and services in the preindustrial menstruum.

The period which began with the industrial revolution caused varied social problems as from the 2d half of eighteenth century. Seeking solutions to address the poverty and social imbalance, which were caused by the industrialization, social policy tried to make rest between economic system and social policies. The migrations to industrialized regions with the impact of industrialization caused new professions, negative life and work conditions, and poverty. In the face up of this change in the demographic construction, states adopted the liberal economic understanding as a solution. Free market place economy that emerged as a result of concerns that state interventions would impairment economic and social balances helped a role of order to accept welfare just caused workers who constituted the bulk of society to impoverish. Liberal economy understanding's failure to ensure social welfare resulted in criticisms and the rise of neoliberal approaches.

The fact that liberal state understanding's limited arroyo caused negative results on social policies led adopting a more interventionist and regulating state model. Considering social expectations that the land should meet social needs increased, the land got a new character to solve social problems. Affected past the wars which broke out in the beginning one-half of twentieth century and 1929 economical crisis, the concept of state inverse in favor of social policies. With Keynesian economical approach, it paved the style for more inclusive interventions and adopted "welfare state" approach. However, also affected by globalization, the interventionist approach of welfare state to ensure economic and social welfare failed to ensure economic growth, and the position of state was discussed again.

In this new period, where the increase of social expenditures and taxes was perceived as a threat, it was suggested that the social responsibilities of the state should exist reduced. The crises beginning in 1970s and the problems which increased with the effect of globalization led to a transformation in the welfare state. The crisis of welfare land and the constantly increasing word virtually the role of state to determine social policies caused states to plunge into new quests.

Although the quests for the welfare state of Golden Historic period were different, it is possible to say that the bones attitudes were neoliberal attitudes like increasing the effectiveness of local administrations, leaving ensuring welfare ton on turn a profit organizations, and leaving social services to private sector. Therefore, the Welfare Land mode that emerged with industrial revolution was restructured with the "Information Age" and globalization which emerged in the last quarter of twentieth century. In this period, social policies are determined past civil gild, international, and supranational organizations instead of traditional means, and social policy understanding turns into new forms.

In spite of all criticisms, welfare state still regulates and implements social policies today. Exposed to some transformations and to some extent replaced by neoliberal policies every bit a effect of changes caused by the globalization and information age, the welfare state is predicted to continue its beingness in new forms and remains as an important ability to regulate social policies in future.

In this study which has been made under the light of this data and predictions, beginning of all, the conceptual foundations, targets, and means of social policy volition be explained with the factors which paved the way for its emergence in the historical process. Afterward that, the concept of welfare state and the effects and events, which paved the mode for its emergence, will exist handled in the historical procedure. Welfare land crisis and globalization will be explained under different headings and determinations, and predictions volition be fabricated about today and time to come, discussing their touch on the social policy.

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2. The subject of social policy

Social policy is referred to every bit "social policy" in Continental Europe, but it is referred to as "social welfare policy" in the North American literature. Some authors contend that these two concepts have the aforementioned meaning only some others argue that social policy is a frame concept which encompasses diverse policies, including social welfare policy [1].

Differences regarding the definition of social policy also ascend from periodic conditions. To Wagner, social policy means the measurements taken by country to protect workers, while to Kessler, it means the movements and struggles of social class and state's mental attitude against this struggle. To Lauber, social policy is a set up of measurements taken at national level in order to change and regulate the financial and cultural life conditions in a definite menstruation of time. Albrech defines social policy as all measures and institutions that are taken to protect the function of society which is in need of economic protection and to ensure social security and peace [2]. Marshall defines social policy as a ready of policies developed by state to ensure welfare in order that it obtains service and income. Hagenbuch asserts that social policy is an effort to make sure that individuals take minimum standards and opportunities.

In narrow sense, social policy is an attitude to address the disputes, imbalances, and conflict of interests between employers and employees and to ensure harmony betwixt classes in capitalist systems [iii, four, v]. In narrow sense, the aim of social policies is to find solutions for the problems emerging in industrials societies. From this perspective, it serves ensuring the social justice for ending the social inequalities that accept been caused past the industrial revolution in social policy. In narrow sense, it represents the policies for making a balance between labor and capital because it encompasses only problems of worker and labor classes [6]. These policies also include the provision of social justice.

In narrow sense, political policy approaches the working life as the bones element that can explain the gild. In this context, it besides deals with problems such as wages, working weather, trade unionism, and collective bargaining [7].

In a broad sense, the concept of social policy ways comprehensive practices which address not just the bug and needs of working form but as well those of the other segments of society [8]. With a definition from this perspective, it is possible to say social policy bailiwick addresses the problems of urbanization, surroundings, wellness, and education and those of all segments of gild such as workers, the disabled, the elders, children, and immigrants. In a board sense, social policy emerged together with the concept of welfare state after World War II. Therefore, social policy includes health services, social security, city, surround, and struggling against unemployment and poverty that affect social welfare. In a broad sense, the terminal target of all these practices is to ensure social peace, social justice, and equality between dissimilar groups [nine].

Social policy is determined on the ground of redistribution. The regulatory and distributive view of policies serves to ensure that everyone living in society has social freedoms and equal opportunities [10]. Ensuring the welfare of each private is the principal objective of the land and other organizations that are social policy practitioners.

The members of lodge have such needs as education, social security, health services, and housing. Social policy aims to ensure the welfare of individuals through legislative regulations. Because social policy is affected by social developments, information technology changes based on the needs of individuals. State makes new regulations based on needs. It is possible to make separate regulations for those who are in demand of protection from social policy perspective for children and youth, for the disabled, for families with depression income, and for the elders.

The factors which affect and make up one's mind social policy are not simply the needs of social club and individuals but also are ideological movements, crime rates, unemployment, media, politics, industrial groups, and violence, such economic factors every bit debit and recession and the nature of welfare state (social democratic, liberal, etc.) [11].

Social policy can be defined as an area consisting of decisions taken with the participation of many individuals and parties, which is put in force after the state determines its ground [12]. At that place is a mutual interaction betwixt social policy and economic policies [three]. Thus, the evolution of a country is not possible only through economic growth just likewise past achieving a fair and balanced growth to solve social bug. From this perspective, the problems in economy and those in social policy need to be handled together.

2.1 Principles and concepts of social policy

To achieve its goals, social policy needs to have some principles regarding the policies it will make up one's mind.

The social policy, which is put in force by the state and other institutions, affects the welfare of society directly. A country's regulations regarding welfare need to be determined by analyzing its social policies. The subjects and basic principles related with social policies are social needs and social problems, equal rights and social justice, efficiency, equity and choice, altruism, reciprocity and obligation, and division, difference, and exclusion [13].

Welfare state should provide some rights to the people. These are elaborated beneath.

• Equality: Achieving equality underlies social policies. Resources demand to be distributed adequately in order to accomplish equality. Equality has unlike types: equal outcome, equal opportunity, or equal treatment.

• Equal opportunity: Information technology means that equal groups should be treated as. Equal opportunity needs to be given to people regardless of their sex activity or group. Moreover, all people must have the same opportunities in educational system or in the labor market place.

• Need: Bones needs are food, caring, and housing. Needs are not limited, and it is not certain which needs should exist covered by states.

• Freedom and rights: There are dissimilar types of rights. Civil rights mean the absenteeism of arbitrary arrest and detention merely having liberty to hash out any opinion. Social rights mean social welfare and social security, right to education. Political rights include voting and joining political parties and freedom to explicate opinion in a democratic way.

All of these rights are provided by welfare state. The individuals who live in society are jump to state through the bond of citizenship. He/she has the right to request the state to which he/she is a denizen to make policies which pave the way to provide him/her the rights he/she has. From this perspective, the citizenship concept plays an important role in determining the state'south obligations and rights of individuals as a function of social policies.

The main goal of social policies is to ensure that everyone in club lives in harmony, distant from conflicts. Thus, the target is to ensure social justice, social evolution, social balance, social integration, and social peace [vii].

• Thanks to social justice , everyone in society will have equal rights in the face of equal risks. In this way, the inequalities and differences acquired by the economic chances are eliminated. All the policies that ensure that everyone has fair opportunities with regard to income, taxes, wages, teaching, and social security contribute to the development of social justice.

• Ensuring the social rest is possible if everyone in society lives in harmony and balance. Therefore, social differences need to exist reduced. Peculiarly the differences and inequalities, with regard to opportunities, of the individuals living in different regions crusade this remainder and harmony to deteriorate. It is one of the primary objectives of social policy practitioners to eliminate the differences regarding the development level and to ensure that everyone benefits from the same social services.

• Social peace is ensured through policies aimed at eliminating the factors that lead to the deterioration of the balance within the social structure. Specially in the backer system, the social differences created past the complimentary marketplace tin hinder solidarity throughout the society. For the creation of a lodge dominated by harmony and reconciliation, policies should be implemented in order to eliminate the negative effects on the psychology of order.

• Social integration refers to the minimization of political and economic factors that negatively affect unity and solidarity in society. Education, culture, and moral values are issues that touch social resolution in this sense.

• Achieving the goal of social democracy, information technology is possible to protect the key rights and freedoms of individuals in democratic guild with the legal social club in the framework of democratic freedoms. The goal of republic must exist achieved in order to protect the individuals' rights to work and participate.

2.2 History of social policy

The social policy, which is considered to have emerged equally a consequence of the economical and social developments in the nineteenth century, started to become meaningful with the industrial revolution. Every bit a effect of the change in economical relations with the industrial revolution, social changes became inevitable. With the industrial revolution, increased production gave rising to the need for more labor. The say-so of uppercase owners on the labor market increased even farther through the liberalization of trade.

In a period when the liberal market economy approach (Laissez-faire) was adopted, the dominant opinion was that government interventions would negatively touch on the free market [14]. The belief that a market place created without intervention would enrich the people, on the one hand, ensured the enrichment of the owners of majuscule and, on the other hand, acquired the labor sector to get poor. The poverty faced by children and women hurts humanitarian feelings [xv]. Increasing poverty during this period when no intervention was made to workers' wages and working conditions caused the social issues to increase and thus the rapid development of social policies.

Every bit a consequence of liberal approach in the economy, two opposing sections have emerged in society: the bourgeois class who are the uppercase owners and working class who are the labor holders. The reduced of wages, poor working conditions, and long working hours have led to social issues in the labor class and to course conflicts. In the nineteenth century, social policies were applied to solve the social bug created by the liberal economic system understanding of the state. Providing social peace and justice through the intervention of the state in the working life, working relations, and wages is inevitable.

With the social reform movements that began in England and Canada between 1880 and 1920, social policies turned into a descriptive approach from the prohibitive approach [i]. In this approach, the state was criticized that its role in the work life was limited and rigid, and it was suggested that the state should regulate social conditions in lodge to eliminate the negativities in the work life. In this menstruum, there was an opinion that the role of the state in social policies should increase, in the backer adult countries, such every bit French republic, Germany, and the USA.

Consequently, the emergence of social policy in the modern sense is attributed to social weather condition created by French Revolution in intellectual-political sphere and those created by industrial revolution in the social and economic spheres [16].

Afterward Globe State of war II, liberal economical approaches in developed countries were abandoned, and Keynesian policy arroyo was adopted with the belief that the state should intervene in social policies. Another of import gene in the adoption of this approach is the 1929 economic crisis and its negative consequences. After the industrial revolution, the scope of social policies expanded, and non merely the issues of labor sector simply also those of the whole society were addressed. All of the problems such as health services, elderly and child care, struggle against unemployment and poverty, participation of women in working life, protection of the environment, and gender discrimination became bug for which the state struggled nether social policy.

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3. Toward welfare state

The concept of welfare land emerged in 1930s and 1940s. Unlike the concept of state which was adopted during World War II and which aimed for providing sufficient money to cover the demand of army in far, welfare state aims at providing social policy, wellness services and thus providing social needs [17].

Welfare state concept gains different aspects in different countries co-ordinate to their cultural, social, political, and economical legacies and historical developments. Welfare state aims at providing welfare of the individual citizens. According to the demands of labor market and civil club, welfare state intervenes in the economy.

Although there are many definitions virtually the welfare country, Asa Brigg defines it as follows: "It is a kind of state in which consciously organized public power is used to reduce the role of market forces." It is accepted within the scope of the role of the welfare land to provide a minimum income guarantee to individuals and families, to facilitate the prevention of sure social risks, and to offer good living conditions to individuals in club through social welfare [18].

Another definition of the welfare state is that "it is a contemporary country understanding that undertakes the duty to ensure a fair income distribution, protect the groups and classes in need of protection, direct the social security practices and employment policies, practice the politicize to meet the bones requirements of gild such as didactics, wellness, and housing and takes measures for regulating the working life, cheers to the tax and wage policies information technology follows" [nineteen].

3.ane History of welfare country

The difficulties were faced with regard to making definition of the welfare state and justifying its historical development. As mentioned above, each and every state has a unlike national social security system, a different social construction, and thus, dissimilar needs. Moreover, welfare country determines the policies that are required past the economic, social, and cultural conditions and put in forcefulness the legislative regulations accordingly.

The development process of welfare state can be handled by categorizing in three periods. The first menstruation was betwixt 1870 and 1913, in other words from the tardily seventeenth century when the industrial revolution took place to early nineteenth century. The next catamenia was the fourth dimension between World War I and World War 2 and the time period betwixt 1950 and 1973 when is referred to as the "Gilt Age of Welfare States." Welfare land changed with the economical crises which realized after 1973. This menstruum is referred to as "Welfare State Crisis" and refers to the period upwardly today.

The emergence of welfare country dates back to 1601, when Poor Laws were put in forcefulness in Great britain. In this period, most of men were recruited for war. When they turned back habitation, they lived the rest of their life without any social security or protection just under risks. 1601 Poor Law was the first legislative initiative to protect the elders, patients, and wounded people in the society. However, this legislative regulation was non sufficient because the rest of society was likewise in demand of protection. Some other legislative regulation was made in 1834 equally a upshot of economic and social force per unit area and because of the developments at the fourth dimension. This is the beginning of the stigmatizing effects of social policy. In the following periods, the effects of Adam Smith's gratuitous marketplace economic system started to change the state policies and legislative regulations not simply in UK simply too in other countries.

Welfare state really emerged later Earth War Ii. Along World War I, all countries spent all of their resources for state of war. Subsequently World War I, it was understood that John Maynard Keynes arroyo was not sufficient for creating task opportunities and reviving public economy. After the war, information technology was believed that a second war could be prevented past means of creating task opportunities and providing new working and life standards.

With 1942 Social Security study (Social Insurance and Centrolineal Services), Lord William Beveridge aimed at creating a health system, providing minimum income and decreasing employment rates. Subsequently the war, Beveridge's opinions were evaluated together with Keynes approach for creating a national welfare for Britain [20]. Distrustfulness of liberalism urged countries for plunging into new quests.

States faced new social risks betwixt 1870 and 1913. These risks were increment of aging population, pension payments, diseases, occupational diseases, and accidents. In 1880s, Bismarck fabricated some efforts in order to provide social security. Reform efforts made by Bismarck aimed at providing a protection through social security against the risks of industrial revolution, low income, and population movements. The long working hours and heavy working atmospheric condition increased poverty and socialist movements. With these developments, the regulations roofing illness insurance in 1883, work accident insurance in 1884, and erstwhile-age and inability insurance in 1889 were put in strength.

Bismarck's reform motion aimed at establishing a arrangement non only nether the state simply also with support of employers and employees. According to this, the system had three dimensions: employer's responsibilities, individual investments, and private insurance. This system also accepted the intervention past country. Therefore, it possible to say that the economic and political structures and, consequently, social policies of other countries started the change after Bismarck'southward reform.

Following Bismarck's reform, many legislative regulations were put in force for the diseases and injuries caused past industrialization. No similar regulations and rules had been put in force in Western European Countries until 1913.

Considering of industrialization, the changes in social demographic structure, and increasing pressures in nineteenth century in European states, the realization of welfare land gained speed. Public sector and economy had a rapid evolution in China, Brazil, and Russia. Betwixt 1950 and 1973, when it is known as the gilt age of welfare state, the intervention of land gradually increased with the Keynesian approach which was adopted for solving the problems caused past the free marketplace economic system. However, Keynesian policies caused states to go into crises after 1970s. Loftier revenue enhancement rates, increasing public expenditures, and states' intervening markets were cited as the reasons for the crisis. In this period, when the proportion of social expenditures to public expenditures was gradually increasing, old-age, motherhood, injury, and expiry insurances were accepted in many countries. In addition, unemployment insurance and family aids were also regulated in more adult countries [21].

The welfare state has been undergoing a transformation since 1975. The country intervention which increased with 1929 economic crisis was replaced with a system in which the state shrined after the oil crisis between 1973 and 1979. In this period, states adopted the stance that states should exist less interventionist with regard to making economical and social policies. Information technology is observed that the budget deficit which was caused by the pressure of social expenditures increased in this period when unemployment became chronic, inflation rate increased, and economical growth decreased particularly in Western European countries.

Neoliberal approach which emerged in this period was adopted every bit a new course of liberalism, a result of solution seeking against Keynesian policies [22]. As a result of violent competition caused past economic crises, a new menses started in belatedly 1970s, and in that period, Keynesian welfare country went through a crisis.

With globalization, welfare state that had stability in economical growth too as expert work conditions and price offers concluded, and a new period in which nation states had less authority started. These developments which likewise affected social policies led to adoption of neoliberal approach for decreasing social expenditures. States started restructuring and new reforms in order to re-start economic growth. In the last 20 years, many countries have made regulations to decrease social expenditures. Still again, in many countries, public expenditures accept not decreased, instead, they take increased. The reasons of this status are not but economic reasons and developments but also the reasons caused by the change of demographic structure like aging population and the changing family unit structure. As mentioned above, economic policies and social policies have mutual interactions. It is obvious that the changes in economic policies also affect social policies, and no ane is independent of the other.

On the other mitt, the economical condition of welfare state is not only related with individual behaviors merely also related with social security arrangement to exist accepted for labor market and social welfare. The contradiction between labor market and state intervention has still to be solved [17].

Welfare state continues to develop. State still plays an of import part in determining social policies. It is possible to say that non just economic indicators just also the changes taking identify in demographic and social structure play role in determining the policies of welfare state.

The welfare state aims at redistributing income and thus plays an interventionist and regulatory role. Information technology takes measures to eliminate negativity in working life. It determines the minimum wage, undertakes social security and welfare services, and intervenes by taxes and other expenditures to eliminate injustices in income distribution [23, 24].

The welfare state is expressed as the deepened and extension of the archetype protective state [25]. The welfare state, whose last stage reached has been by the modern state, is no longer a "spectator land," but it is a "player state" [19].

All of the definitions regarding welfare country include the mentality to protect those who have poor economical and social conditions. This protection tin be done through social policies. Therefore, welfare state's intervention for the sake of eliminating the negative conditions, which is required to be done by the welfare state and achieve the goals of social policies, is appropriate and required.

Although the duties and telescopic of each welfare state change based on each country'south social, cultural, economical and demographic conditions; basically, they include ensuring the protection of children, the disabled, families, the elders and women, creating jobs, providing education and vocational training, struggling against poverty and low income, and improving the working conditions.

Considering the practices of the welfare state, various distinctions have been made on the basis of services and expenditures to ensure social welfare. The most important study well-nigh this upshot has been made by Gosta Esping-Andersen. Esping-Andersen classifies welfare state systems every bit follows:

• Liberal welfare model which is practiced by USA and Britain

• Conservative and Continental Europe model which is practiced by Germany, France, and Belgium

• Social Democratic Scandivian Model which is practiced by Sweden and Denmark [26, 27].

The welfare state, emerging as a response to the search for solutions to address the inequalities and negativities created by the industrial revolution, is a new form of the liberal state. Considering the liberal approach threatening social interests due to the fact that capital letter and markets were not interfered and the socialist approach that kept the interests of the working class at the highest level were not sufficient to meet the social needs, the welfare country emerged as a system to overcome the problems of both of these systems.

Regarding the welfare country, it is possible to make the post-obit determinations regarding the flow until the beginning of the process of globalization and neoliberalism [28].

• The residual approach evolved and replaced by with an institutional approach.

• Enervating social welfare has turned into a human correct arising from existence a citizen.

• While it was an understanding of service to meet the needs of merely poor, it has turned into universal service to see the needs of the whole club.

• It left from a limited welfare budge to large welfare expenditures.

• The understanding that such issues equally poverty and unemployment are non considering of the mistakes done by individuals but because of inadequacy of the state and its institutions.

• Making efforts to take responsibleness for providing social welfare has shifted from volunteer individuals and institutions to public institutions.

The economical crises experienced after the 1970s caused problems and criticized the Keynesian welfare country. Upkeep deficit was one of the issues that were faced due to the increase in unemployment, the subtract in economic growth, and the increment in retirement age and wellness expenditures due to the aging of the population. The criticism and debate virtually the welfare state are that all the negative, economic, social, and political issues are caused by the social policy practices of the welfare land.

Long-term consideration of demographic changes and the touch on of globalization on the welfare country have opened new avenues for contend and give-and-take nigh the welfare state's future development [17]. The important bespeak is providing people welfare for the welfare states.

Criticisms about the welfare state are:

• Poverty and unemployment rates take not been reduced, and social welfare policies take non been successful

• The opportunities provided for welfare cause negative furnishings on family structure, increase divorce rates, and deteriorate moral values

• It has increased the taxes put on income and uppercase

• Social expenditures have increased [28, 29].

Welfare states have begun to develop new policies and restructure due to the problems that constitute the source of criticisms of social policy. Although it is claimed that the welfare state has a trend to go back due to economic and financial pressures, it is possible to say that the welfare state continues to make efforts to arrange with the new conditions.

three.ii Globalization

The transformations which take taken place in social policy and welfare state tin can exist explained under the shade of globalization. In 1998s and 1990s, privatization and marketization had an impact for some of conservative governments. The governments had more liberal approach to civil society and economy policy.

Globalization reveals a costless market economy, liberal democracy, and cultural differences in the process leading to a holistic world economy [30]. Globalization process gained momentum later 1980. In this process which was based on economic liberalization, the neoliberal model became ascendant and the thought that state should abandon its active part in social policies was adopted. In some developed countries, which had been practicing the neoliberal model, social policy implementations began to lose their importance, and they were completely neglected in less developed countries.

The effects of globalization became more evident at the stop of the twentieth century, and the welfare country had less intrusive grapheme with regard to taking measures for social protection due to the pressure acquired by social expenditures and increased taxes. With the adoption of the dominant view that social expenditures hampered economic growth, the shrinking of welfare states and reduction of its role on social policies gained momentum. Due to the increasing competition betwixt the welfare states, poverty and unemployment have increased, and injustices accept emerged in the distribution of income [21].

The narrowing of social welfare country practices in the procedure of globalization acquired social rights to be restricted. Liberal understanding limits the state'due south duties with the provision of security, justice, and infrastructure. Land shrinks through liberalization. The possibility of the deterioration of the balance between capital and labor, which was tried to be established afterwards the industrial revolution, threatens those who are in need of social protection. The increasing unemployment rate is one of the most important threats.

In the procedure of globalization, contrary to their liberal philosophy, the states that turned into neoliberal models needed to further develop their social policy practices. Developments show that, contrary to expectations, the model adopted in the procedure of globalization deepens the problems of social policies further.

The impacts of globalization on the welfare state model and social policies are evaluated from four unlike perspectives, which are:

• Co-ordinate to Mishra; globalization eliminates the independence of nation states. Economic growth is the sole target. International wage inequality and poverty increase due to economical pressures, and social protection is weakening. Welfare of nation states decreases with neoliberal policies [31].

• According to Pierson, globalization alone is not the reason for the reduction of the power of welfare states. Every bit an external power, globalization may crave renewal in the structuring of states, merely this restructuring should not be a reduction of social policies. In this process, states should also take into account the internal effects such every bit demographic, migration, and social developments and decide on the restructuring process accordingly [32].

• Co-ordinate to Esping-Anderson, nation states should prefer more than balanced practices on the axis of globalization. Nation states with strong economic and political structures should prefer the almost harmonious practices for their own future while guiding globalization [27].

• According to Rieger and Leibfried, globalization emerged as a event of efforts of the nation states to reduce the negative effects of war with the liberal model. The economies of nation states are independent of the global economy; therefore, the restructuring process and the establishment of relevant policies should be evaluated in this respect [33].

The causes of the crisis of the welfare state in developed countries are globalization which is an external factor and internal variables which are related to the social structures of states. Ane of these reasons is the demographic structure, which has changed because of the aging population, prolongation of life, and decreasing birth rates. In addition, family structure has changed, divorces have increased, public expenditures, alimony and health expenditures, and taxes accept increased, and economic growth has declined. The competitive ability of the countries in the international arena has decreased due to the increment in the expenditures of the welfare state to ensure social welfare. Having been in search of providing solution for the elimination of the financial pressures caused by the expenditures related to increased welfare, the welfare states accept entered into a restructuring procedure.

In the restructuring and surviving process, the fiscal force per unit area was tried to be eased through the privatization of the pension arrangement, raising the retirement age, increasing the premiums, and reducing the financial pressure.

With the shrinkage in the welfare land, the provision of welfare services has too changed. The service provision which had been performed by the country has been given through local administrations at local level, and it has been left to the nonprofit organization, which means it has been "privatized" [28].

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4. Future of the welfare state and social policy

It seems difficult to foresee the hereafter state of welfare state conspicuously considering of variables. Welfare state changes based on social, economic, cultural, and demographic structures of states. It does not seem possible to provide financing of welfare statement with traditional methods. Especially 2008 fiscal crunch, welfare state had a view that a system in which the main thespian is the land is non sufficient for economic growth. The increasing unemployment is an obstacle for the welfare state growth. Moreover, the population of many states is getting older, and the demographic structure is changing. Labor markets need to be supported, new jobs demand to be created, and employment needs to be increased. Therefore, states adamant their policies. Public expenditures are increasing due to increasing alimony payments with the aging population.

The expectations that welfare land provides welfare are increasing more and more. The approaches for providing welfare are unlike. Some states adopt liberal approaches, some states adopt corporatist and some others adopt universal approaches. In recent years, the belief that economical policies are not sufficient for achieving a welfare state but that welfare state needs to be accomplished through social policies has been increasing.

Although many arguments accept been raised in discussions on the future of the welfare state, it is possible to say that the rightist and leftist views are more ascendant.

• The rightists argue that the welfare state can overcome the crunch only by shifting to neoliberal policies. They also debate that the obligatory change that took place in the industrial revolution is also valid for the Information Age which emerged in the last quarter of the twentieth century and that social policies demand to exist developed past the supranational organizations after the change of welfare country.

• For the leftists, they argue that welfare states take the ability to adapt themselves changing conditions; and therefore, they can overcome the crisis through reforms and restructuring. It is suggested that the neo-Keynesian approaches should be adopted instead of the neoliberal approach in the reform process.

As an culling to these views, neoliberals and conservatives have fabricated new initiatives under the proper noun of "New Right," and social democrats and social liberals have fabricated new initiatives under the name "The 3rd Style" [21].

Furthermore, the legitimacy of the welfare state was questioned past both The New Right and The New Left. The New Left criticized the land'southward role was likewise weak compared to the markets, and a reformulation of the state'south role in societal development was needed. The New Right is focused on the role of bureaucracy and pressure groups. According to their opinion, society'southward welfare is more than important than bureaucracy and force per unit area groups' interests [17].

The globalization, which has been cited every bit a reason for the transformation of the welfare state and social policies, increases its influence with the participation of international organizations such as World Bank, World Health Organization, and International Monetary Fund [xiii, 34, 35]. Nation states should implement policies in economic and social spheres not based on external processes but based on internal dynamics. Every bit stated higher up, although they take similar features, each country has different applications for social protection. Here, the principal important thing is to make up one's mind the impacts of change on demographic and cultural structures of the countries and make intervention properly. In summary, it is the selection of national political authorities to present the effects of globalization every bit the just reason for their national policies. Instead of this perspective, it would be a more realistic approach to try to benefit from the positive impacts of globalization for reducing problems at the national level. By this way, it would be possible to develop more than effective tools to prevent the increasing social bug.

Welfare states are withal developing. States are in search for better piece of work and life atmospheric condition. They desire to have social security systems which cover all social risks. From this perspective, information technology is possible to say that at that place is non a real crisis in welfare states, just there are efforts to remove obstacles before the economic growth.

Welfare states need to make regulations to decrease unemployment rates, taxes, and public expenditures considering of the decline in economic growth [17]. There seems to be a tendency for narrowing in social policies considering the proportion of social expenditures in public expenditures is high.

Reform initiatives to reduce the welfare crises in the welfare states have led to giving more than importance to "active social protection" agreement in social policy implementations [36]. These practices, which were put into exercise in 1990s and which aimed to be active in the labor market place, were based on regulations that encourage working and restricting passive expenditures. In guild to reduce the passive expenditures, the period of benefiting from social benefits was shortened, and their conditions were made difficult. When the bear on of the reform implementations on social expenditures is evaluated, it is seen that poverty of children has increased and the works for giving family aids and providing vocation didactics take been insufficient. Information technology is obvious that retirement age and health expenditures will continue to increase due to the aging population. Information technology is possible to say that the increase of passive expenditures due to the aging of the population constitutes an obstacle earlier realization of agile and passive reforms [37].

As a result, welfare states continue to exist in unlike ways. The developments show that the view that social rights, freedoms, and ideological thoughts are not sufficient to reach the economic growth. It is possible to say that the welfare states having this view will follow impartial policies about making social expenditures in hereafter years.

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5. Conclusions

In this report, the social policy and the welfare state are handled with their goals, scopes, types, and problems from their historical development up to today.

Social policy is a set of measures developed to protect workers against the dangers arising as a upshot of industrialization, in parallel to the historical development, later on the industrial revolution. Its emergence in this style has caused the social policies to be defined in a narrow sense. After World War 2, the narrow perspective on social policy began to change. The reason of this alter was the fact that the measures to protect the interests of the working class were not sufficient to solve social problems. Therefore, it was concluded that social policy should exist extended to cover all segments of society. In a broad sense, social policy is a set of measures taken to ensure that all segments of the society live in peace and harmony to prevent unemployment, to improve working conditions, to provide a minimum wage, to provide social security and benefits, to eliminate injustice in income distribution, and to ensure social justice. Social policy refers to all policies that ensure the welfare of the state and individuals and the dynamic practices that constantly modify.

The main goal of social policies is to ensure that everyone in gild lives in peace and harmony away from conflicts. With social policies, it is aimed to ensure social justice, social development, social balance, social integration, and social peace.

The goal of social justice is to create equality of opportunity for every individual without eliminating the freedoms and to ensure a fair distribution of income. In particular, objective of justice is to provide services such as education, revenue enhancement, social security, equal opportunities, and fair and adequate wages. Providing social residuum is possible past eliminating social and regional differences. For the establishment of social peace, the factors that hinder social reconciliation must be eliminated. The aim of social integration is to ensure that measures are taken to prevent social disintegration. Social republic, which has been adopted every bit the main objective of social policy, refers to the protection of individuals' interests in the environment of democratic freedoms by taking into account the balance of equality.

The industrial revolution played an important office in the historical development of social policies. After the industrial revolution, the increased capital ensured the formation of a powerful and rich bourgeoisie. On the other mitt, the need for manpower was met past ways of the working class. The gap betwixt these two segments in society gradually increased. With the power from capital, the suburbia class began to impose depression wages, poor working weather, and working hours of upward to 16–20 hours on workers. The working class was left totally unprotected with the adoption of a liberal approach which argues that interference with market conditions adversely affects welfare. The increasing social problems led to the germination of social policies. The liberal market economic system, which was replaced with Keynesian policies after Globe War Ii and 1929 economical crisis, was given up, and thus, the state could interfere with market by means of social policies.

Although in that location are many definitions of the welfare state, it is possible to say "Information technology is a kind of state in which consciously organized public ability is used to reduce the part of market forces." Shifting from a liberal model to Keynesian model of welfare state, states adopted a more interventionist grapheme from economic, social, and legal points of view. Dating back to 1880s, the welfare state continued to strengthen until the mid-1970s due to the increased unemployment and spread of poverty in all countries.

The concept of welfare country entered into literature with the Beveridge Report, which was created in 1942. Looking at the foundations of the concept of welfare state, information technology is possible to say that it dates back to social security practices introduced by Bismarck in 1883. Welfare state emerged first in Germany so in Western Europe, North America, and Australia. The common feature of these countries was that they had industrialization and developed market economies and democratic systems. South Korea, Hong Kong, Singapore, and Taiwan, which underwent a farther industrialization process, started to be accepted as welfare states in the 1970s. Japan had completed this process before. While there were attempts to become a welfare country in the Soviet Matrimony after the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the efforts to become a welfare country began afterward in China, Republic of cuba, and Eastern Europe but they did non attain an achievement with this regard considering they had no industrialization.

Social policy, which emerged as a result of failure of the social bug created by the liberal economic system approach, was replaced with the concept of welfare state later the adoption of social security practices introduced past Bismarck in Germany.

The social state adult policies not only in the areas of wellness, education, social security, distribution of income, and housing but also sought solutions to ecology and urban bug in order to ensure social welfare. The welfare state varies from country to land co-ordinate to the level of welfare they take. Co-ordinate to the classification made by Esping-Anderson, liberal welfare model belongs to conservative Continental Europe, while the social democratic model belongs to Scandinavians.

It is possible to say that the welfare country, which was developed to eliminate the deficiencies of the liberal and socialist understanding in welfare, is a new form of liberal model. In this sense, it acts with an interventionist arroyo to solve the bug that may arise in the field of social policy.

The Keynesian welfare state stated to have a tendency to narrow social expenditures due to the subtract of economic growth, unemployment, and increased budget deficits after the economic crises seen in the 1970s.

The criticism that the welfare land's practices for welfare were unsuccessful was justified based on allegations that poverty and unemployment increased, taxation and social expenditures constituted a big brunt, and the family and moral structure in the guild changed unfavorably.

Welfare state'due south tendency to turn back retrogressively is most likely to have a negative affect on social policies. The fiscal pressures caused by social expenditures may cause the welfare state to take on a passive character as in the liberal period in the face of social problems and cause social policies to regress.

This retrogression in the welfare is justified with globalization procedure, which has started to show its effects since the tardily 1970s. The understanding of globalization which is accompanied by liberalization suggests the limitation of the duties of the state. This situation may cause deeper issues in the social field. Although globalization had an bear upon on the welfare state every bit an external gene, it is likewise necessary to evaluate the internal factors related to the socioeconomic and demographic structures of the states in the emergence of the crisis.

Demographic structure that changed considering of the aging of the population, prolongation of life bridge, and decreasing birth rates can exist shown as a reason for the crisis of the welfare state in developed countries. In addition, the family structure inverse, public expenditures, pension and health expenditures, and taxes increased, and economic growth decreased. The competitive power of the welfare state decreased due to the increase in expenditures fabricated to ensure social welfare. The welfare states, which are in search of a solution for the elimination of the financial pressures acquired by the expenditures related to increased prosperity, have entered into a restructuring process. In the procedure of restructuring and surviving, the financial force per unit area was tried to be eased through the privatization of the retirement system, raising the retirement age, and increasing the premiums. During the restructuring process, the privatization initiatives were accelerated by providing the social welfare service through local administrations at local level.

There are many views on the future of the welfare land. Rightists who provide solutions to overcome the crisis argue that the neoliberal approach should exist adopted, while leftists fence that neo-Keynesian approaches should be adopted.

In today's globe, the concept of welfare state is transforming and the economic pressures created past globalization have a tendency to narrow social policies. Based on the fact that the reason for the transformation in the welfare land is not just globalization, each state should develop policies and tools that are the nearly appropriate for its social structure to conform it to the transformation process. In fact, when we look at the practices of the welfare states in the world, it is possible to say that the furnishings of the crunch differ co-ordinate to the level of evolution and welfare. Some of the welfare states keep to undertake initiatives to reduce public expenditures but they fail to satisfy the expectations especially considering of the demographic construction. It is impossible to reduce the health and retirement expenditures because of the increasingly aging population.

The reform initiatives to reduce the crisis in the welfare states in the 1990s adopted the "active social protection" agreement, which aimed at activation by keeping the piece of work force in labor market active in social policy practices. In society to reduce the passive expenditures, the menses of benefiting from social benefits was shortened, and their weather condition were made difficult. Considering OECD data, it is seen that the activation efforts fail short to satisfy the expectations. On the other hand, information technology is seen that family and intendance back up are not provided enough, and child poverty increases. Activation of practices is implemented by many countries. It can be said that the time passed is non enough to requite a conclusion whether the activation efforts have positive effects. All the same, information technology is clear that retirement and health expenditures will keep to increase due to the aging population.

Inflation, tax, and public expenditures demand to be reduced in society that the welfare country continues its being and economic growth and increases its competitiveness. In Europe, where there is tradition of social solidarity, there is a tendency that the welfare state continues. With the support of international organizations such as IMF, OECD, and Globe Bank, welfare states transfer the distribution of social services to the private sector. Notwithstanding, welfare services are notwithstanding planned past the country, and many services are still provided by the state.

Despite all these developments, information technology is possible to say that the welfare country has an active role on social policies and welfare states are resistant to the economic negativities experienced. In our stance, reducing social expenditures should be the terminal resort in the reform initiatives of states to achieve growth in the hereafter periods of transformation of the welfare state. The strategies to be established in this way should be determined in low-cal of the following points:

• Not deviating from the goal of achieving ultimate welfare in the transferring of services to the private sector and preserving the regulatory, descriptive character of the state

• Encouraging the private sector with regard to distribution of social services

• Making use of the increasing of voluntary organizations and local governments with regard to the provision of social services

• Restructuring to reduce expenditures other than social help expenditures

• Attaching importance to giving child care money to families and importance to immature people'south vocational education, because the obstacles caused by the demographic structure

• Reducing the burden of unemployment in public social spending by producing solutions that tin prevent the increasing and deepening unemployment in the earth

• Reducing the inflation and revenue enhancement

• Not because decreasing the spending on social welfare as a tool for economic growth and determining the economic strategies on this basis

• Utilizing the developments on a global scale in favor of the social welfare land and adopting strategies in line with the positive effects of globalization and making cooperation with international and supranational organizations in this procedure

In the light of all these points, it is possible to say that in the futurity, the governments adopting approaches compromising social policies in order to achieve economic growth will pb to the reaction of the gild who has the expectation of social welfare. On the other manus, achieving welfare without diffusive from the goals of social policy will also vary according to the states' ability to suit themselves to changes and developments and reconstructing accordingly.

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Esra Dundar Aravacik

Submitted: October 30th, 2018 Reviewed: November 2nd, 2018 Published: November 28th, 2018

© 2018 The Author(south). Licensee IntechOpen. This chapter is distributed nether the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in whatsoever medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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